CHAPTER 1 NEURAL SCIENCE; Mark Ralph Rowe; San Diego, California (Golden Hills) 92102; 11/17/2013: 1.1; INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

CHAPTER 1 NEURAL SCIENCE  Mark Ralph Rowe San Diego, California (Golden Hills) 92102 11/17/2013 1.1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW JACK A. GREBB, M.D. The neurosciences are fundamentally important to the clinical specialties of psychiatry,  neurology, and neurosurgery because they explore the biology of neuronal tissues.  Two sub-specialty areas within psychiatry--neuropsychiatry and biological psychiatry--have particularly endeavored to integrate neuroscientific information with clinical psychiatry.  It is unfortunate in some respects that these subspecialty concepts have evolved, since an appreciation for the basic neurosciences should infuse the clinical approaches of all professionals working with the mentally ill. MISLEADING DICHOTOMIES  There is a common tendency to divide and distinguish phenomena, even in the absence of adequate data.  This tendency has had unfortunate consequences for the mentally ill.  In recent history, people inflicted with diseases that were not understood (e.g., tuberculosis, cancer) have been ostracized from society.  Once the conditions were understood as medical diseases, these outcasts entered the relative comfort of a medical model for their afflictions.  Patients with  mental illnesses are currently caught in a transitional phase in this process.  The general  acceptance of mental illness as a disease of the brain is currently hindered by at least five misleading dichotomies. Neurology vs. psychiatry  The clinical distinction between neurology and psychiatry is increasingly appreciated as awkward and artificial  (Chapter 2).  Neurology has traditionally focused on organic disorders with identifiable pathology, whereas psychiatry has focused on functional disorders without observable pathology.  Regardless of intentions, the implication in that neurological disorders are real diseases, whereas psychiatric disorders are not.  Functional, in this context, actually means that the organic pathophysiological basis has not been discovered yet--not that one does not exist.  A better term for functional might be idiopathic. The mind-brain dichotomy  The mind and the brain share the same organ.  Mind is what is called the personal experience of the brain or perhaps the experienced of change in the brain.  How can the complexity of the mind be explained by the brain?  First, the brain is undoubtedly more complex than is currently known; second perhaps minds are not as complex as generally thought. Nature vs. nurture  There is no contest: nature is nurtured, and nurture has a nature.  Nature and nurture are mutually interacting systems.  It has been shown clearly that the environment (i.e., nurture) can affect biology at very basic molecular levels (e.g. branching of dendrites, activity of enzymes).  Nurture itself can be seen as a reciprocal biological event.  Human beings affect one another, and there exist biological changes paralleled to the subjective experiences. Structure vs. function  All mental activities (behavior, thoughts, feelings) are paired with biological events in the brain.  The techniques of basic neuroscience can potentially identify the structural correlates of mental activity at the level of genes and other molecules.  The division between structure and function rest solely on which biological level is arbitrarily chosen as a cutoff point.  A more accurate approach is to accept that each biological disorder, including mental illness, has a structural pathology at some level or assortment of levels, and that this structural abnormality is reflected as a disorder of function or regulation. Biology vs. psychology  This dichotomy is both a derivative of the mind-brain issue and an unfortunate offshoot of debates within the field of psychiatry.  Biology, psychology, empirical observations.  The level and descriptive lexicon used to describe behavioral phenomena can be varied.  Ina particular situation, one model might be more enlightening or clinically appropriated than another.  OVERVIEW OF NEURAL SCIENCES The aim of this 15-section neural sciences chapter is to provide a brief introduction to the basic science principles that underlie that many biological theories, organic therapies, and research findings discussed in the chapters on specific clinical disorders.  Therefore, the sections within this chapter do not systematically review the relationships between their topics and relevant clinical disorders.  Therefore, the sections within this chapter do not systematically review the relationships between their topics and relevant clinical disorders.  Rather, this chapter can either be read as an introduction to basic biological principles or used as a reference when reading about biological material in subsequent chapters. NEUROANATOMY  Classical neuroanatomy (Section 1.2) describes regions and connections in the brain based primarily on observations from gross neuroanatomy.  Functional neuroanatomy (Section 1.3) is based more on data from studies defining the distribution of specific molecules (e.g., neurotransmitters) and from studies using advanced histochemical techniques that have defined more clearly the projection patterns of neuronal populations.  Functional neuroanatomy is possibly more relevant to psychiatric disorders than is classical neuroanatomy are slowly eclipsing some of the previous tenets of classical neuroanatomy. Neurons  The neuron, or nerve cell, is the basic functional unit of the nervous system.  Neurons vary widely in terms of size, shape, number f synapses, and chemical constituents.  The cell body, also called the some or perikaryon, typically gives rise to axons and dendrites.  The axon arises from the cell body or the base of one of the main dendrites.  The initial axon segment, the axon hillock, actually is the site of initiation for the action potential in many neurons.  Enlargements at the ends of axons are called axon terminals, or boutons, and are the sites of presynaptic neurotransmitter release.  Within the axon terminals are the synaptic vesicles, which contain neurotransmitter substances.  There are different types of synaptic vesicles, varying in sized, shape and other visual characteristics.  THese different types often contain different neurotransmitters, and conceivably these vesicles respond differentially to stimulation of the axon terminal.  There may be one or many dendrites (or none at all) emerging from the cell body.  Dendrites are usually profusely branched, and most are studded with small spikes, the dendritic spines, which along with somata and dendritic shafts, are the sites of synaptic connections. Gila  Glia, glial cells, or neuroglia are synonymous terms for a class of non-neuronal cells in the nervous system (CNS)--astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependyma, and microglia--and two types in the peripheral nervous system--Schwann and satellite cells.  The astrocytes provide structural support to neurons and are the major cell type in glial scar tissue in the CNS.  The oligodendrocytes are the myelin-forming cells of the CNS and also may perform a nurturing role for neurons.  Both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are involved in phagocytosis. of the spinal cord.  The surfaces of ependymal cells have a more direct and critical role in neuronal activity than is currently believed. Blood-brain barrier  An important feature of the brain to which glial cells contribute is the blood-brain barrier, a semipermeable barrier between the blood vessels and brain that prevents many chemical compounds from passing between brain and blood.  The ability of a molecule to cross the blood-brain barrier is based on its molecular size, electric charge, solubility, and the presence of specific transport systems for the compound.  The endothelial cells of brain capillaries differ from other capillaries because they are virtually continuous with each other and lack the pinocytotic vesicles that have been implicated in transport of substances from one side of the membrane to the other.  The biogenic amine neurotransmitters (e.g., clinical trials of a new drug)l Membranes  All cells, including neurons and glia, are enclosed in cell membranes that function as a complex regulatory site.  The membrane is a sea of phospholipids, organized as a bilayer either the hydrophobic ends of the lipid molecules pointing toward the middle of the membrane.  Within this lipid bilayer are various types of protein molecules.  Some proteins are embedded in the external or internal surfaces of the membrane.  Neurotransmitter receptors (Section 1.4), for example, are proteins that are located partially on the outside surface of the membrane and transmit a message to another protein (e.g., and enzyme [Section 1.6]) that is located on the inside surface of the membrane.  Other proteins, such as ion channels (Section 1.7), extend the entire width of the membrane. Cerebrospinal fluid  The CNS ventricular system is filled with CSF, produced by the cerebral plexi in the cerebral ventricles.  CSF leaves the ventricular system via the median aperture of Magendie and the two lateral apertures of Luschka and is then absorbed into the venous system through the drainage resulting in increased CSF pressure.  THis can often be seen in computed tomographic (CT) scans by the presence of dilated ventricles.       The CSF has a volume of approximately 125 ml in the normal adult, and approximately 500 ml are made each day.  The total volume of CSP, therefore, is replaced approximately four time each day.  The use of lumbar punctures to obtain CSF is routine neurological practice.  The CSF also is a source of research information in psychiatry because it reflects neurochemical activity in the brain.  However, metabolites from the spinal cord may significantly contribute to the chemical content of CSF, and neurotransmitter metabolites from deep brain structures may not reach the CSF efficiently.  Other consideration when evaluation research data based on CSF measurements are the possibilities of a vertical gradient in the concentration of the chemical within CSF and also of rhythmic variations of production of the chemical with time (e.g., diurnal variation). NEUROTRANSMISSION  Neurotransmission can occur either through chemical or electrical synapses.  The role of electrical synapses, also called gap junctions, in the CNS is poorly understood.  IN contrast, a great deal is known about chemical synapses.  Chemical neurotransmission classically involves a presynaptic neuron that releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across a synaptic cleft, where it binds to a specific receptor that initiates a series of molecular events in the postsynaptic neuron.  THe three major classes of chemical postsynaptic neuron.  The three major classes of chemical neuronmessengers are biogenic amines (also called monopeptides (Section 1.4), amino acids (Section 1.4), and neuronpeptides (Section 1.5).  The intraneuronal release and following receptor activation have recently been defined (Section 1.6). Synapses  The most conventional types of chemical synapses are the axo-dendritic and axo-somatic synapses, in which the axon of the presynaptic neuron synapses, with a dendrite of the cell body, respectively, of the postsynaptic neuron.  Such synapses may be inhibitory, excitator, or modulatory.  IN axo-axonic synapses, the presynaptic axon synapses with the axon hillock or axon terminal of the postsynaptic neuron.  Such synapses may be inhibitory, excitatory, or modulatory.  In axon-axonic synapses, the presynaptic axon synapses with the axon hillock or axon terminal of the postsynaptic neuron.  It is thought that their synapses are usually inhibitory.  Two more recently discovered synapses are dendrodendritic and dendroaxonic.  Both of these synaptic types are and do not elicit postsynaptic action potentials.  One final complication of synapses is that nonsynaptic neurons probably exist as well.  These are neurons with axon terminals that CSF and therefore do not have synapses with specific neurons and may function in a paracrine fashion. Receptors  Receptors (Section 1.4) are proteins in the neuronal membrane that are, in part, exposed to the extracellular fluid and specifically recognized neuromessengers.  To be classified as a receptor, the binding to this protein should be saturable, specific, and reversible.  Saturable means that in experimental preparations it can be demonstrated that there is a finite number of the receptors present.  Specific means that the receptor binds, relatively speaking, only the alleged neurotransmitter fro that receptor. Binding to a functionally meaningful receptor os reversible, which means that the receptor must first bind, then release, the neurotransmitter so that the receptor subsequently can respond to another message.  The term putative receptor is often used to describe a binding site that has not yet been definitively shown to have all the properties required of a receptor.      Receptors can be either postsynaptic or presynaptic.  In an axo-dendritic synapse, for example, the receptors on the receiving dendrite are postsynaptic.  Receptors on the axon itself are presynaptic.  They are called either presynaptic autoreceptors if they bind the neurontransmitter released by their patent neuron or presynaptic heteroreceptors if they hind a neurotransmitter released by some other neuron.     The concepts of super-sensitivity and sub-sensitivity are applied to receptors.  When demonstrated appropriately, these properties signify that a specific postsynaptic neuron responds in either an augmented or attenuated fashion to a constant amount of neurotransmitter.  Such regulation of synaptic response could come from three receptor related changes.  First,the number of receptors available for neurotransmitter binding could increase or decrease.  Second, the binding affinity of the receptor for the neurontransmitter molecule could increase or decrease.  Third, the molecular mechanism by which the receptor translates its message into the neuron could be more or less efficient.

The,Bad,Science,Mark,R.,Rowe,San,Diego,California,92102,Mark,Rowe,David,Rowe,Nina,Dougherty,Clifford,Dougherty,Anita,Ferguson,Virginia,Ferguson,William,Jones,Frederick,Jones,Charles,Rowe,Jacqueline,Kennedy,Esther,Rowe,Ralph,Rowe,Judy,Garland,Ethel,Kennedy,Robert,John,Kennedy,international,affairs,world,economic,domination,and,control,policy,makers,decisions,for,material,gain,persuasion,of,the,masses,Did,you,know,that,the,NSA,can,track,the,location,of,your,phone,even,when,it,is,turned,off,and,the,batteries,have,been,removed,This,admission,went,largely,unnoticed,in,a,Washington,Post,report,entitled,NSA,growth,fueled,by,need,to,target,terrorists,In,the,article,writer,Dana,Priest,details,how,teams,of,NSA,employees,stationed,around,the,globe,are,dedicated,to,tracking,phones,in,real,time,By,September,2004,a,new,NSA,technique,enabled,the,agency,to,find,cellphones,even,when,they,were,turned,off,JSOC,troops,called,this,The,Find,and,it,gave,them,thousands,of,new,targets,including,members,of,a,burgeoning,al,Qaeda,sponsored,insurgency,in,Iraq,according,to,members,of,the,unit,At,the,same,time,the,NSA,developed,a,new,computer,linkup,called,the,Real,Time,Regional,Gateway,into,which,the,military,and,intelligence,officers,could,feed,every,bit,of,data,or,seized,documents,and,get,back,a,phone,number,or,list,of,potential,targets,It,also,allowed,commanders,to,see,on,a,screen,every,type,of,surveillance,available,in,a,given,territory,The,technique,by,which,the,NSA,can,wiretap,cellphones,even,when,they,are,turned,off,and,powered,down,is,most,likely,being,performed,with,the,complicity,of,telecommunications,companies,who,have,proven,friendly,to,NSA,snooping,Trojan,horse,programs,disguised,behind,routine,system,updates,are,the,likely,method,through,which,the,NSA,gains,direct,access,to,millions,of,Americans,cellphones,and,other,devices,you,may,recall,the,fact,that,Verizon,and,ATT,notably,did,not,sign,the,collective,letter,asking,the,government,to,allow,affected,companies,to,release,information,on,government,requests,for,data,writes,Tim,Cushing,given,this,background,its,not,unimaginable,that,Verizon,and,ATT,would,accommodate,the,NSA,and,FBI,if,it,wished,to,use,their,update,systems,to,push,these,trojans,as,we,have,also,previously,highlighted,terms,of,agreement,for,many,of,the,apps,you,download,to,your,smartphone,now,use,your,microphone,to,listen,to,you,and,your,camera,to,take,pictures,of,you,without,your,knowledge,the,notion,of,the,federal,government,tracking,your,location,via,your,cellphone,is,particularly,prescient,given,yesterdays,report,concerning,the,DHS,funded,mesh,network,system,that,seattle,police,eventually,intend,to,roll,out,across,the,city,but,have,temporarily,been,forced,to,deactivate,due,to,a,privacy,outcry,aruba,networks,company,behind,the,system,of,wifi,hubs,which,can,record,the,last,1000,locations,of,cellphones,belonging,to,anyone,in,the,coverage,area,bragged,in,their,promotional,material,that,the,grid,could,track,rogue,or,unassociated,devices,In,other,words,even,if,you,do,not,allow,your,phone,to,connect,to,such,wifi,networks,they,can,still,access,your,device,record,its,current,and,historical,location,as,well,as,download,private,information,from,your,apps,and,other,settings,And,there,appeared,a,great,wonder,in,heaven;,a,woman,clothed,with,the,sun,and,the,moon,under,her,feet,and,upon,her,head,a,crown,of,twelve,stars:,And,she,being,with,child,cried,travailing,in,birth,and,pained,to,be,delivered,And,there,appeared,another,wonder,in,heaven;,and,behold,a,great,red,dragon,having,seven,heads,and,ten,horns,and,seven,crowns,upon,his,heads.,And,his,tail,drew,the,third,part,of,the,stars,of,heaven,and,did,cast,them,to,the,earth:,and,the,dragon,stood,before,the,woman,which,was,ready,to,be,delivered,for,to,devour,her,child,as,soon,as,it,was,born.,And,she,brought,forth,a,man,child,who,was,to,rule,all,nations,with,a,rod,of,iron:,and,her,child,was,caught,up,unto,God,and,to,his,throne.,And,the,woman,fled,into,the,wilderness,where,she,hath,a,place,prepared,of,God,that,they,should,feed,her,there,a,thousand,two,hundred,and,threescore,days.,And,there,was,war,in,heaven:,Michael,and,his,angels,fought,against,the,dragon;,and,the,dragon,fought,and,his,angels,And,prevailed,not,neither,was,their,place,found,any,more,in,heaven,And,the,great,dragon,was,cast,out,that,old,serpent,called,the,Devil,and,Satan,which,deceiveth,the,whole,world:,he,was,cast,out,into,the,earth,and,his,angels,were,cast,out,with,him.,And,I,heard,a,loud,voice,saying,in,heaven,Now,is,come,salvation,and,strength,and,the,kingdom,of,our,God,and,the,power,of,his,Christ,for,the,accuser,of,our,brethren,is,cast,down,which,accused,them,before,our,God,day,and,night,And,they,overcame,him,by,the,blood,of,the,Lamb,and,by,the,word,of,their,testimony;,and,they,loved,not,their,lives,unto,the,death,Therefore,rejoice,ye,heavens,and,ye,that,dwell,in,them.,Woe,to,the,inhabiters,of,the,earth,and,of,the,sea!,for,the,devil,is,come,down,unto,you,having,great,wrath,because,he,knoweth,that,he,hath,but,a,short,time.,And,when,the,dragon,saw,that,he,was,cast,unto,the,earth,he,persecuted,the,woman,which,brought,forth,the,man,child,And,to,the,woman,were,given,two,wings,of,a,great,eagle,that,she,might,fly,into,the,wilderness,into,her,place,where,she,is,nourished,for,a,time,and,times,and,half,a,time,from,the,face,of,the,serpent,And,the,serpent,cast,out,of,his,mouth,water,as,a,flood,after,the,woman,that,he,might,cause,her,to,be,carried,away,of,the,flood.,And,the,earth,helped,the,woman,and,the,earth,opened,her,mouth,and,swallowed,up,the,flood,which,the,dragon,cast,out,of,his,mouth,And,the,dragon,was,wroth,with,the,woman,and,went,to,make,war,with,the,remnant,of,her,seed,which,keep,the,commandments,of,God,and,have,the,testimony,of,Jesus,Christ,Charles,Rowe,Jacqueline,Kennedy,Esther,Rowe,Ralph,Rowe,Judy,Garland,Ethel,Kennedy,Robert,John,Kennedy,international,affairs,world,economic,domination,and,control,policy,makers,decisions,for,material,gain,persuasion,of,the,masses,Did,you,know,that,the,NSA,can,track,the,location,of,your,phone,even,when,it,is,turned,off,and,the,batteries,have,been,removed,This,admission,went,largely,unnoticed,in,a,Washington,Post,report,entitled,NSA,growth,fueled,by,need,to,target,terrorists,In,the,article,writer,Dana,Priest,details,how,teams,of,NSA,employees,stationed,around,the,globe,are,dedicated,to,tracking,phones,in,real,time,By,September,2004,a,new,NSA,technique,enabled,the,agency,to,find,cellphones,even,when,they,were,turned,off,JSOC,troops,called,this,The,Find,and,it,gave,them,thousands,of,new,targets,including,members,of,a,burgeoning,al,Qaeda,sponsored,insurgency,in,Iraq,according,to,members,of,the,unit,At,the,same,time,the,NSA,developed,a,new,computer,linkup,called,the,Real,Time,Regional,Gateway,into,which,the,military,and,intelligence,officers,could,feed,every,bit,of,data,or,seized,documents,and,get,back,a,phone,number,or,list,of,potential,targets,It,also,allowed,commanders,to,see,on,a,screen,every,type,of,surveillance,available,in,a,given,territory,The,technique,by,which,the,NSA,can,wiretap,cellphones,even,when,they,are,turned,off,and,powered,down,is,most,likely,being,performed,with,the,complicity,of,telecommunications,companies,who,have,proven,friendly,to,NSA,snooping,Trojan,horse,programs,disguised,behind,routine,system,updates,are,the,likely,method,through,which,the,NSA,gains,direct,access,to,millions,of,Americans,cellphones,and,other,devices,you,may,recall,the,fact,that,Verizon,and,ATT,notably,did,not,sign,the,collective,letter,asking,the,government,to,allow,affected,companies,to,release,information,on,government,requests,for,data,writes,Tim,Cushing,given,this,background,its,not,unimaginable,that,Verizon,and,ATT,would,accommodate,the,NSA,and,FBI,if,it,wished,to,use,their,update,systems,to,push,these,trojans,as,we,have,also,previously,highlighted,terms,of,agreement,for,many,of,the,apps,you,download,to,your,smartphone,now,use,your,microphone,to,listen,to,you,and,your,camera,to,take,pictures,of,you,without,your,knowledge,the,notion,of,the,federal,government,tracking,your,location,via,your,cellphone,is,particularly,prescient,given,yesterdays,report,concerning,the,DHS,funded,mesh,network,system,that,seattle,police,eventually,intend,to,roll,out,across,the,city,but,have,temporarily,been,forced,to,deactivate,due,to,a,privacy,outcry,aruba,networks,company,behind,the,system,of,wifi,hubs,which,can,record,the,last,1000,locations,of,cellphones,belonging,to,anyone,in,the,coverage,area,bragged,in,their,promotional,material,that,the,grid,could,track,rogue,or,unassociated,devices,In,other,words,even,if,you,do,not,allow,your,phone,to,connect,to,such,wifi,networks,they,can,still,access,your,device,record,its,current,and,historical,location,as,well,as,download,private,information,from,your,apps,and,other,settings,The,Future,of,Eugenics,Eugenics,although,based,on,the,science,of,genetics,is,not,itself,a,sciences,for,it,must,above,all,concern,itself,with,social,values,with,the,question:,Whither,mankind?,Perhaps,general,Agreement,could,be,had,that,freedom,from,gross,physical,or,mental,defects,and,the,the,freedom,from,gross,physical,or,mental,defects,and,the,possession,of,sound,health,high,intelligence,general,adaptability,and,mobility,of,sprier,are,the,major,goals,toward,which,eugenics,should,aim;,perhaps,even,that,diversity,of,nature,is,better,than,uniformity,of,type,But,hour,far,ought,selective,reproduction,to,inters,with,human,freedoms:,Genetically,as,in,other,respects,"there,is,so,much,bad,in,the,best,of,us,and,so,much,good,in,the,worst,of,us",that,it,is,hared,to,asses,the,worth,of,the,manifest,hereditary,characteristics,of,a,person;,and,the,numerous,hidden,recessive,genes,or,genes,of,low,penetrance,make,it,quit,impossible,Nor,can,on,determine,to,what,extent,a,person's,manifest,characteristics,a,the,product,of,environment,particularly,for,this,qualities,what,eugenics',major,concern:,con,health,high,intelligence,and,the,like,The,Jukes,and,Kallikaks,were,horrible,examples,of,degenerate,humanity,but,what,might,they,have,been,in,a,better,world:,Were,their,alcoholism,their,crime,and,their,vice,inescapable,products,of,their,genes?,It,seems,very,doubtful,Only,the,experiment,of,putting,them,from,earliest,infancy,in,to,an,optimum,environment,could,possible,yield,and,answer,It,is,easier,to,define,the,essentials,of,a,optimum,environment,not,forgetting,that,it,need,not,be,the,same,for,everyone,than,to,modify,gene,frequencies,by,wise,selection,Once,mankind,has,produced,an,approximation,of,that,optimum,environment,the,eugenic,task,will,be,simpler,In,fact,that,natural,selection,exerted,by,such,an,environment,may,make,eugenics,quite,unnecessary,See,also,Birth,Control,Genetics,Charles Rowe Jacqueline Kennedy Esther Rowe Ralph Rowe Judy Garland Ethel Kennedy Robert John Kennedy international affairs world economic domination and control policy makers decisions for material gain persuasion of the masses Did you know that the NSA can track the location of your phone even when it is turned off and the batteries have been removed This admission went largely unnoticed in a Washington Post report entitled NSA growth fueled by need to target terrorists In the article writer Dana Priest details how teams of NSA employees stationed around the globe are dedicated to tracking phones in real time By September 2004 a new NSA technique enabled the agency to find cellphones even when they were turned off JSOC troops called this The Find and it gave them thousands of new targets including members of a burgeoning al Qaeda sponsored insurgency in Iraq according to members of the unit At the same time the NSA developed a new computer linkup called the Real Time Regional Gateway into which the military and intelligence officers could feed every bit of data or seized documents and get back a phone number or list of potential targets It also allowed commanders to see on a screen every type of surveillance available in a given territory The technique by which the NSA can wiretap cellphones even when they are turned off and powered down is most likely being performed with the complicity of telecommunications companies who have proven friendly to NSA snooping Trojan horse programs disguised behind routine system updates are the likely method through which the NSA gains direct access to millions of Americans cellphones and other devices you may recall the fact that Verizon and ATT notably did not sign the collective letter asking the government to allow affected companies to release information on government requests for data writes Tim Cushing given this background its not unimaginable that Verizon and ATT would accommodate the NSA and FBI if it wished to use their update systems to push these trojans as we have also previously highlighted terms of agreement for many of the apps you download to your smartphone now use your microphone to listen to you and your camera to take pictures of you without your knowledge the notion of the federal government tracking your location via your cellphone is particularly prescient given yesterdays report concerning the DHS funded mesh network system that seattle police eventually intend to roll out across the city but have temporarily been forced to deactivate due to a privacy outcry aruba networks company behind the system of wifi hubs which can record the last 1000 locations of cellphones belonging to anyone in the coverage area bragged in their promotional material that the grid could track rogue or unassociated devices In other words even if you do not allow your phone to connect to such wifi networks they can still access your device record its current and historical location as well as download private information from your apps and other settings

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Alessandra Nacamù, assistant to the director for Italian affairs

Business Office

Bart Drakulich, director of finance and administration
Marco Buldini, assistant to the director of finance and administration
Carmela Spina, assistant to the director of finance and administration

Registrar's Office

Bernadette O'Toole, registrar
Angelika de Beauclair, assistant to the registrar

Admissions Office (please send admissions inquiries here)

Nelson Graves, director of recruitment and admissions
Amina Abdiuahab, administrative assistant

Development Office

Gabriella Chiappini, director of development
Clarissa Ronchi, development coordinator
Alessandra Adami, development and alumni data assistant

Career Services Office

Meera Shankar, director of career services
Ann Gagliardi, career services counselor

Alumni Relations Office

Francesca Torchi, assistant in the office of alumni relations and student recruitment

Communications Office

Childe Costa-Stevens, webmaster

Guest Lecture and Seminar Series

Alessandra Nacamù, assistant to the director for Italian affairs

Student Affairs

Margel Highet, director of student affairs

Information Systems Office

Paolo Forlani, information and communication technology manager
Lorenzo Righetti, information and communication technology assistant

Library

Gail Martin, head librarian
John Williams, technical services librarian
Maria Christina Marcich, technical services assistant
Ludovica Barozzi, public services coordinator
Heather Kochevar, public services assistant

Bologna Institute for Policy Research

Erik Jones, director
Kathryn Knowles, associate director european studies and eurasian studies programs
Dea Di Furia, project and office manager

Center for Constitutional Studies and Democratic Development (CCSDD)

Justin Orlando Frosini, director

Friends of the Johns Hopkins University - Associazione Italo-Americana

Lisa Marie Gelhaus, director